英语中最古老的词汇
Some of the oldest words in English have been identified, scientists say.科学家们相信，他们找到了英文中最古老的文字。
Reading University researchers claim "I", "we", "two" and "three" are among the most ancient, dating back tens of thousands of years.
雷丁大学的研究人员认为，“我”、“我们”、“二”和“三”是英文中最古老的词汇，它们的历史可以追溯到四万年前。
Their computer model analyses the rate of change of words in English and the languages that share a common heritage.
科研人员们通过一个计算机模型，对英文词汇变化和消失的几率进行了分析测算，并展现出语言的普遍发展历程。
The team says it can predict which words are likely to become extinct--citing "squeeze", "guts", "stick" and "bad" as probable first casualties.
研究预测，“挤”、“胆量”、“木棍”和“坏”将很可能成为最先被废弃和绝迹的词汇。
"We use a computer to fit a range of models that tell us how rapidly these words evolve," said Mark Pagel, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Reading.
雷丁大学进化生物学家马克??佩格尔说：“我们利用计算机模型测算出这些词的发展速率。”
At the root of the Reading University effort is a lexicon of 200 words that is not specific to culture or technology, and is therefore likely to represent concepts that have not changed across nations or millennia.
雷丁大学的研究进行的基础是一个包含约200个词汇的词汇库，库中的词汇大多是一些表达人类对事物共同感知、不易因习俗和科技而改变的词，而非那些随着科技和时代进步应运而生的新词。
"We have lists of words that linguists have produced for us that tell us if two words in related languages actually derive from a common ancestral word," said Professor Pagel.
佩格尔教授说：“我们开发这个词汇库首先需要让语言学专家来告诉我们，不同语系的两个词汇是否会存在一个共同的出处。”
"We have deions of the ways we think words change and their ability to change into other words, and those deions can be turned into a mathematical language," he added.
佩格尔教授补充说道：“我们掌握了词汇改变以及它们转变成其它词汇的信息，之后我们把这些信息转变成数学语言。”
What the researchers found was that the frequency with which a word is used relates to how slowly it changes through time, so that the most common words tend to be the oldest ones.
研究人员还发现，词汇的使用频率和其生命力紧密相关，越是普通的词汇，存在的时间也越长久。
For example, the words "I" and "who" are among the oldest, along with the words "two", "three", and "five". The word "one" is only slightly younger.
比如，“我”、“谁”、“二”、“三”和“五”的历史就非常久远，而“一”则略微年轻一点。
The word "four" experienced a linguistic evolutionary leap that makes it significantly younger in English and different from other Indo-European languages.
英文数字“四”由于经历过一次语言上的进化过程，所以更为年轻一些，它和其它欧印语种的发音也大为不同。
Meanwhile, the fastest-changing words are projected to die out and be replaced by other words much sooner.
与之相比，变化速度越快的词汇，消亡以及被其它词汇取代的速度也越快。
For example, "dirty" is a rapidly changing word; currently there are 46 different ways of saying it in the Indo-European languages, all words that are unrelated to each other. As a result, it is likely to die out soon in English, along with "stick" and "guts".
例如，“脏”就是一个变化迅速的词汇，欧印语系中表达“脏”的方式共有46种，而且每种听上去都很不相同。所以，这个词和“木棍”、“胆量”一样，很可能很快就在英文中消失。
"If you've ever played 'Chinese whispers', what comes out the end is usually gibberish. Yet our language can somehow retain its fidelity," Professor Pagel said.
佩格尔教授说：“玩过‘传话’游戏的人都知道，同样的一句话从第一个人传到最后一个人时通常已经面目全非了。由此看来，语言对我们还是很忠诚的。”