想当然出错，都是逗号惹的祸
有许多试题，由于同学们对句子结构分析不对，尤其是对句中的逗号判断失误，从而导致一些想当然的错误。本文例举几道典型试题，供同学们参考。1. If a book is in English, _____ means slow progress for you.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
此题容易误选 A或B，想当然地根据空格前的逗号认为这是非限制性定语从句。这样分析的同学，主要是忽略了前一句句首的 if。其实此题应选D，逗号前是一个条件状语从句，逗号后是该状语从句的主句，that 在此代表前文所述的情况，用作主句的主语。同样地，下面几题也应选 that，而不选 which：
(1) If he’s only interested in your looks, _____ just shows how shallow he is.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
(2) If you want to go, _______is quite all right with me.
A. that B. which C. and it D. so
(3) When I say two hours, _____ includes time for eating.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
(4) If you want a double room , _____ will cost another ￡15.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
(5) If you have the money, _____ will be OK.
A. as B. which C. and it D. that
下例也选 that 而不选 which，其中 that 表示“那”：
Unless I’m very much mistaken, ______ is my watch you’re wearing!
A. as B. which C. what D. that
2. Not far from the school there was a garden, _____ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.
A. its B. whose C. which D. that
此题很容易误选B，许多同学想当然地认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句，whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从表面上看，似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错的，原因是空格后根本不是一个句子，因为它没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词(seated 和playing)，但它们都是非谓语动词。也许有的'同学会问，其中的 seated 不可用作谓语动词吗?不能。因为seat 用作动词时，它总是及物的，其后要么接宾语，要么它就用于被动语态，所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is，则可以选择B(当然若将 seated 改为 sitting，也应选择B)。所以此题最佳答案选A。请再看一个类似的例子：
(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _____ translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _____ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
第(1)题应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语;第(2)题应选C，因为句中有谓语 were translated。再请看下面一例：
(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _____ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
此题与上面的第(2)题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。
请做做以下三题(答案均为B)：
(1) There I met several people, two of _____ being foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
(2) There I met several people, two of _____ were foreigners.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
(3) There I met several people, and two of _____ were foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
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