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考研英语:从真题看考研英语阅读答题技巧
下文以考研英语历年真题为例子，分析推理引申类阅读题的答题方法，希望对同学们的复习有所帮助。
推理引申题的划分
推理引申题按照难易可以分为：简单推理题和复杂推理题。第一，简单的推理题。虽然在原文中不能直接找到答案，但是有间接的暗示和线索。它们与答案之间的关系比较清楚，联系起来后便可以得出答案。而且答案与其他选项差别也较大。第二，复杂的推理题。在原文中找不到明确的解题线索，考生只能根据隐藏在词句后面的含义，根据作者说话的语气，反复分析，才能找到答案，而且干扰项的干扰较强。考生在几个选项中犹豫不定，不知选哪个好。后一种推理题是近几年命题的趋势。
Example
Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. "Who is that?" the new arrival asked St. Peter. "Oh, that's God," came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor." (2002年Text 1)
The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are .
[A] impolite to new arrivals
[B] very conscious of their godlike role
[C] entitled to some privileges
[D] very busy even during lunch hours
考生要根据全文的主旨以及作者的语气，从那个关于医生的笑话里推理医生和上帝有相似的特点：医生无礼、傲慢，自以为像上帝一样。接着再推测护士对医生的看法是：非常在乎自己上帝般的角色。这种推理是一个比较复杂的过程。[B]选项为正确答案。
(2)推理引申题选项特点及其解答技巧
正确项的特点：①不是文中明确说明的内容，因为即使符合原文，没有引申推理就不是正确选项;②如果四个选项全能凭常识判断，其中含义深刻的是正确选项，有时惟一不是常识项的是正确选项。
干扰项的特点：①只是原文的简单复述，而非推断出来的结论，把直接表达当成间接推理;②看似从原文推断出来的结论，然而实际上与原文不符，例如把原文的原因变成了选项中的结果，把原文的手段变成了选项中的目的;③根据常识判断是正确的，然而不是在文章事实或上下文逻辑基础上推理而得出的观点，因此，考生要注意不能根据自己的主观想法或生活经验去推理，因为命题者考查的是考生揣摩作者意图的能力;④虽然以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为推理依据，但推理过头，概括过度;⑤有部分选项的内容纯属编造。
根据推理引申试题的特点，考生在解答时要注意以下两点：
首先，考生在浏览全文时，一要留意那些似乎话中有话的间接表达句。它们往往采用说半句、打比喻、反过来讲的方式，留有让考生自己作结论或推理的余地。二要留意含义深刻或结构复杂的句子。考生对作者表达的意思不能一下子看透，它们往往是命题点所在。
Example
If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.(2002年 Passage 1)
It can be inferred from the text that public services
[A] have benefited many people
[B] are the focus of public attention
[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor
[D] have often been the laughing stock
该段末句"如果拿公共服务行业作为替罪羊(scapegoats)去进行评论，你就会处于安全境地"让人读了不是很明白，禁不住要去推想到底为什么公共服务行业这么特殊呢?联系上文，前面的内容说的是"开玩笑取乐要看听众是不是自己同行业的人，如果不是就有可能招人反感"。一番推理之后，才明白这句话的另外一层未说明的含义，即选项[D]反映的内容：公共服务行业是大家经常谈论的共同笑料。
其次，根据题干的关键词迅速搜索定位以便确定推理依据的范围。利用语法、词汇、语境线索，了解单句的含义，弄清上下文的逻辑关系，然后按题意进行推理。题目可能要求考生对某句话或数句话进行正确理解或释义，也可能从某句话或某段话中推测出一两件事实。
Example
In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.(2002年 Passage 3)
It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if .
[A] price of crude rises
[B] commodity prices rise
[C] consumption rises
[D] oil taxes rise
题干中的关键词是"the retail price of petrol"。根据它定位到文章段落，文章先给出事实：原油价格占汽油零售价格的一小部分，其大部分是税收。在欧洲国家这个比例更是高达五分之四，因此原油价格的变动对汽油价格影响不大。据此可以推出二者的潜在关系：影响汽油价格的主要因素是税收;税收涨，油价也大幅度地涨。
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