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tpo18阅读答案 第二篇
托福英语是我们很多人都在做的试题，以下是PINCAI小编整理的关于托福答案的相关内容，欢迎阅读和参考!
tpo18阅读答案 第二篇
托福阅读原文
【1】According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom. Unfortunately, the few scientific investigations of yawning have failed to find any connection between how often someone yawns and how much sleep they have had or how tired they are. About the closest any research has come to supporting the tiredness theory is to confirm that adults yawn more often on weekdays than at weekends, and that school children yawn more frequently in their first year at primary school than they do in kindergarten.
【2】Another flaw of the tiredness theory is that yawning does not raise alertness or physiological activity, as the theory would predict. When researchers measured the heart rate, muscle tension and skin conductance of people before, during and after yawning, they did detect some changes in skin conductance following yawning, indicating a slight increase in physiological activity. However, similar changes occurred when the subjects were asked simply to open their mouths or to breathe deeply. Yawning did nothing special to their state of physiological activity. Experiments have also cast serious doubt on the belief that yawning is triggered by a drop in blood oxygen or a rise in blood carbon dioxide. Volunteers were told to think about yawning while they breathed either normal air, pure oxygen, or an air mixture with an above-normal level of carbon dioxide. If the theory was correct, breathing air with extra carbon dioxide should have triggered yawning, while breathing pure oxygen should have suppressed yawning. In fact, neither condition made any difference to the frequency of yawning, which remained constant at about 24 yawns per hour. Another experiment demonstrated that physical exercise, which was sufficiently vigorous to double the rate of breathing, had no effect on the frequency of yawning. Again the implication is that yawning has little or nothing to do with oxygen.
【3】A completely different theory holds that yawning assists in the physical development of the lungs early in life, but has no remaining biological function in adults. It has been suggested that yawning and hiccupping might serve to clear out the fetuses airways. The lungs of a fetus secrete a liquid that mixes with its mother's amniotic fluid. Babies with congenital blockages that prevent this fluid from escaping from their lungs are sometimes born with deformed lungs. It might be that yawning helps to clear out the lungs by periodically lowering the pressure in them. According to this theory, yawning in adults is just a developmental fossil with no biological function. But, while accepting that not everything in life can be explained by Darwinian evolution, there are sound reasons for being skeptical of theories like this one, which avoid the issue of what yawning does for adults. Yawning is distracting, consumes energy and takes time. It is almost certainly doing something significant in adults as well as in fetuses. What could it be?
【4】The empirical evidence, such as it is, suggests an altogether different function for yawning—namely, that yawning prepares us for a change in activity level. Support for this theory came from a study of yawning behavior in everyday life. Volunteers wore wrist-mounted devices that automatically recorded their physical activity for up to two weeks: the volunteers also recorded their yawns by pressing a button on the device each time they yawned. The data showed that yawning tended to occur about 15 minutes before a period of increased behavioral activity. Yawning bore no relationship to sleep patterns, however. This accords with anecdotal evidence that people often yawn in situations where they are neither tired nor bored, but are preparing for impending mental and physical activity. Such yawning is often referred to as "incongruous" because it seems out of place, at least on the tiredness view: soldiers yawning before combat, musicians yawning before performing, and athletes yawning before competing. Their yawning seems to have nothing to do with sleepiness or boredom—quite the reverse—but it does precede a change in activity level.
TPO阅读试题
托福阅读试题
1.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in passage 1? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.It is the conventional theory that when people are bored or sleepy, they often experience a drop in blood oxygen levels due to their shallow breathing.
B.The conventional theory is that people yawn when bored or sleepy because yawning raises blood oxygen levels, which in turn raises alertness.
C.According to conventional theory, yawning is more likely to occur when people are bored or sleepy than when they are alert and breathing deeply.
D.Yawning, according to the conventional theory, is caused by boredom or lack of sleep and can be avoided through deeper breathing.
2.In paragragh1, what point does the author make about the evidence for the tiredness theory of yawning?
A.There is no scientific evidence linking yawning with tiredness.
B.The evidence is wide-ranging because it covers multiple age-groups.
C.The evidence is wide-ranging because it covers multiple age-groups.
D.The evidence is questionable because the yawning patterns of children and adults should be different.
3.The word “flaw” in passage 2 is closest in meaning to
A.fault.
B.aspect.
C.confusion.
D.mystery.
4.In the paragraph 2, why does the author note that there were physiological changes when subjects opened their mouths or breathed deeply?
A.To present an argument in support of the tiredness theory.
B.To cast doubt on the reliability of the tests that measured heart rate, muscle tension and skin conductance.
C. To argue against the hypothesis that yawning provides a special way to improve alertness or raise physiological activity.
D.To support the idea that opening the mouth or breathing deeply can affect blood oxygen levels.
5.The word “triggered” in passage 2 is closest in meaning to
A.removed.
B.followed.
C.increased.
D.caused.
6.Paragraph 2 answers all of the following questions about yawning EXCEPT
A.Does yawning increase alertness or physiological activity?
B.Does thinking about yawning increase yawning over not thinking about yawning?
C.Does the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the air affect the rate at which people yawn?
D.Does the rate of breathing affect the rate at which people yawn?
7.The word “periodically” in passage 3 is closest in the meaning to
A.continuously.
B.quickly.
C.regularly.
D.carefully.
8.According to the developmental theory of yawning presented in paragraph 3, what is the role of yawning?
A.It caused hiccups, which aid in the development of the lungs.
B.It controls the amount of pressure the lungs place on other developing organs.
C.It prevents amniotic fluid from entering the lungs.
D.It removes a potentially harmful fluid from the lungs.
9.Paragraph 3 supports which of the following statements about the development theory of yawning?
A.The theory is attractive because it explains yawning from the perspective of Darwinian evolution.
B.The theory is unsatisfactory because it cannot explain the lung deformities of infants.
C.The theory is questionable because it does not explain why a useless and inconvenient behavior would continue into adulthood.
D.The theory is incomplete because it does not explain all the evolutionary stages in the development of yawning.
10.The word “empirical” in passage 4 is closest in meaning to
A.reliable.
B.based on common sense.
C.relevant.
D.based on observation.
11.The study of yawning behavior discussed in paragraph 4 supports which of the following conclusions?
A.Yawning is associated with an expectation of increased physical activity.
B.Yawning occurs more frequently when people are asked to record their yawning.
C.People tend to yawn about fifteen minutes before they become tired or bored.
D.Mental or physical stress tends to make people yawn.
12.Why does the author mention “soldiers yawning before combat, musicians yawning before performing, and athletes yawning before competing”(in paragraph 4)?
A.To argue that just the expectation of physical activity can make some people feel tired.
B.To explain how the view that people yawn because they are tired accounts for yawning before stressful situations.
C.To support the view that yawning helps prepare a person for mental or physical exertion.
D.To provide anecdotal evidence that conflicts with the experience of the volunteers in the study.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? This, however, was not the case Another flaw of the tiredness theory is that yawning does not raise alertness or physiological activity, as the theory would predict.
When researchers measured the heart rate, muscle tension and skin conductance of people before, during and after yawning, they did detect some changes in skin conductance following yawning, indicating a slight increase in physiological activity. However, similar changes occurred when the subjects were asked simply to open their mouths or to breathe deeply. Yawning did nothing special to their state of physiological activity. Experiments have also cast serious doubt on the belief that yawning is triggered by a drop in blood oxygen or a rise in blood carbon dioxide. ■【A】Volunteers were told to think about yawning while they breathed either normal air, pure oxygen, or an air mixture with an above-normal level of carbon dioxide. ■【B】If the theory was correct, breathing air with extra carbon dioxide should have triggered yawning, while breathing pure oxygen should have suppressed yawning. ■【C】In fact, neither condition made any difference to the frequency of yawning, which remained constant at about 24 yawns per hour. ■【D】Another experiment demonstrated that physical exercise, which was sufficiently vigorous to double the rate of breathing, had no effect on the frequency of yawning Again the implication is that yawning has little or nothing to do with oxygen.
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THERR answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The tiredness theory of yawning does not seem to explain why yawning occurs.
A.Although earlier scientific studies strongly supported the tiredness theory, new evidence has cast doubt on these findings.
B.Evidence has shown that yawning is almost completely unrelated to amount of oxygen in the blood and is unrelated to sleep behavior.
C.Some have proposed that yawning plays a role in the development of the lungs before birth but that it serves no purpose in adults.
D.Fluids in the lungs of the fetus prevents yawning from occurring, which disproves the developmental theory of yawning.
E.New studies, along with anecdotal evidence, have shown that the frequency of yawning increases during extended periods of inactivity.
F.There is some evidence that suggests that yawning prepares the body and mind for a change in activity level.
TPO阅读答案
托福阅读答案
1.原文说yawn是因为bored or sleepy，并且能够起到提神的作用，所以B正确。A缺失了原文的reversing部分;C的比较是原文没有的;D的can be avoided原文没说。
2.接上题，第一句说传统理论认为打呵欠与累和无聊有关，这正是本题问的tiredness theory，所以往下看，下一句说没有证据证明这个理论，所以答案是A，原文明确说没有证据，BCD
都说有evidence，错。
3.flaw瑕疵，缺点，错误，所以fault正确，选A。原句说疲倦理论的另一个什么，这个明显是接着上一段的，上一段说的是没有证据支持疲倦理论，所以这段肯定也接着说疲倦理论是错的，所以答案是fault错误。confusion和mystery类似，都是不解，也就是有可能对有可能错，而原文已经明确否定了，所以两个都不对。aspect也没有错误的意思。
4.修辞目的题，首先找到修辞点所在的第三句，本句只是在重复这个例子，没有观点性的东西，往前看。前句说测到了一些生理上的变化，还是在说例子，所以看中心句，也就是第一句，说打呵欠根本不会提高清醒程度，所以答案是C。A和D反了，B说质疑实验的可靠性，作者不是质疑实验本身，而是质疑结论，并用实验支持这个质疑。
5.trigger引起，所以cause正确。原句说如果这一理论正确的话，呼吸加了二氧化碳的空气会怎样打呵欠，而呼吸氧气多的空气的会压制打呵欠。至少应该能推出是打呵欠多，所以increase和cause可能正确，但suppress不是减少，所以对应的不是增加，选D。
6.EXCEPT题，排除法，A的alertness or physiological activity做关键词定位至第一句，正确，不选;B的thinking about yawning做关键词定位至倒数第三句，没有说是否increase，所以B没说，选;C的rate of yawning做关键词定位至倒数第二句，正确，不选;D的rate of breathing做关键词定位至最后一句，D正确，不选。
7.periodically规律地，所以C的regularly正确。从单词本身看，period表示一段时间，所以答案一定得跟时间有关，所以carefully不对。原句说打呵欠清理我们的肺，通过怎么样降低肺内压力，持续降低和快速降低肯定不行，会死人的;周期性降低才对，所以答案C。
8.以developmental theory做关键词定位至第一句，说打呵欠在生命的早期是有用的，但对成人没用，但这句只是单纯在说理论，往下看。下一句说打嗝和打呵欠能帮助胎儿清理呼吸道，所以答案是D。A明显没说;B的other developing organ没说;C的prevent没说。
9.此题排除法较容易解，理由是问到整段可以看首句，但首句我们刚才已经看过了，没用。B的lung deformity做关键词定位至第四句，但完全没说是否解释;C的adulthood做关键词定位至第六句，说承认打呵欠没用，接着又说这个理论是值得怀疑的，所以答案是C，没解释为什么没用的呵欠一直保留到成人时期，同时说明A说这个理论attractive是错的;D的evolutionary stage原文完全没说，不选。
10.empirical实际的，所以答案是based on observation观察所得，选D。原句说什么样的证据证实了一个打呵欠的完全不同的作用，紧接着说这个理论的支持证据来自一系列研究，都来自研究了，当然是根据观察而不是根据常识所得，所以B错;其余的两个答案，特别是A，代入文中也对，这个就只能靠认识单词了。
11.问整段的结论，看开头句，说事实证明，打呵欠的作用是表面活动水平的变化，所以答案是A，increased activity;BCD都完全没说，而且也不是整段的结论。
12.修辞目的题，先看修辞点所在句子，发现只是单纯陈述一个例子，继续往前看，上句说人们打呵欠既不是因为困也不是因为累，而是为了精神上活身体上的活动做准备，所以答案是C。A的expectation，B的stressful situation和D的conflict原文都没说。
13.两个过渡点，转折连词however和代词this，B点之后的if作出假设，而C点之后的in fact给出了转折，所以答案是C。代入，之前说如果blabla，紧接着说不是这么回事，然后in fact给出解释。
14.Although选项中的earlier scientific studies原文没说，A不选。Some选项对应原文第三段第一句，C正确。New选项原文没说，E不选。Evidence选项对应原文第二段的第一句和最后一句，B正确。Fluid选项文中对应原文第三段，但原文没说，D不选。There选项对应原文最后一段第一句，F正确。
TPO阅读译文
托福阅读译文
【1】根据传统理论，当人们无聊或者困倦时就会打哈欠。伴随睡眠不足或无聊的是浅呼吸，而浅呼吸会降低血液中氧的含量。打哈欠可以通过深呼吸逆转这一点，增加血液中氧的含量从而达到提高警觉性的功能。但遗憾的是，少量关于打哈欠的科学研究并没有找到任何打哈欠频率与个人睡眠时长或者疲劳程度之间的联系。最近所有用于支持疲劳理论的研究是为了确认成人在工作日比在周末打哈欠的频率更高;学生在小学一年级比在幼儿园时打哈欠的频率要高。
【2】疲劳理论的`另一个缺陷是打哈欠并不如该理论所预期的那样提高警觉性或生理活动。研究人员在(志愿者)打哈欠的前、中、后三个阶段均测量了心率、肌肉张力以及皮肤传导性，而他们测得皮肤传导性在打哈欠后的确存在一些变化，这一变化表明生理活动有轻微的增强。但是，在实验者被要求只是张开嘴或深呼吸时，皮肤传导性也发生了相似的变化。打哈欠对于生理活动的状态并无特殊作用。实验结果也对“打哈欠是由血液中氧含量下降或由血液中二氧化碳含量上升所引起的”这一论断产生了严重怀疑。志愿者被告知当他们吸入普通空气、纯氧或者是含有高于正常水平的二氧化碳的空气混合物时要想着打哈欠。如果疲劳理论是正确的，那么当人吸入额外的二氧化碳时，应该能够激发打哈欠;当吸入纯氧时应该能够抑制打哈欠。但实际上，在这两种条件下，打哈欠的频率并无任何差异，均维持在稳定的约24个每小时。另一个实验证明，即使是可以让呼吸频率翻倍的剧烈运动对于打哈欠频率也毫无影响。这再一次说明打哈欠几乎或完全与氧气无关。
【3】一个完全不同的理论认为，打哈欠有助于早期肺部的发育，但是对于成年人来说并无任何生理功效。这也暗示了打哈欠和打嗝或许能够清理胎儿的呼吸道。胎儿的肺会分泌一种混合着母亲羊水的液体。当患有先天性肺不张的婴儿的肺部阻止这种液体从肺中流出时，这些婴儿出生时肺部就会变形。打哈欠很可能是通过周期性的降低肺部压力，帮助清除肺部中的这些液体。按照该理论，成年人打哈欠只是一个没有生理功效的发育阶段的化石。但是，当人们已认同达尔文的进化论并不能解释所有现象时，我们有充分的理由去怀疑这一没有解释成年人打哈欠的问题的理论。打哈欠是分散精力的，费时又耗力。但是，几乎可以肯定是，打哈欠不仅对胎儿，对成年人也有重要的作用。那么，究竟是什么作用呢?
【4】经验结果表明，虽然如此，打哈欠确实有着完全不同的功能——换而言之，我们打哈欠是为活动水平的变化而做的准备。一个“对日常生活中打哈欠行为的研究”支撑了这一论断。志愿者在手腕上携带一种装置，这一装置会自动记录他们在两周里的身体活动情况。另外，志愿者也要通过点击装置上的按钮来记录自己每一次打哈欠的情况。数据显示，打哈欠大多在增强性行为活动的15分钟前发生。但同时指出，打哈欠与睡眠状态没有关系。这一论断符合坊间的传闻：人们通常是既不疲惫也不无聊，但要准备接下来的脑力活动和体力活动时才会打哈欠。这样的哈欠通常被认为是“不协调的”，因为至少从疲倦状态下的角度看，这样的哈欠似乎与疲惫无关：比如战士们在开始战斗前会打哈欠;音乐家在表演前会打哈欠;运动员在比赛前会打哈欠。他们的哈欠看上去似乎与困倦、疲乏无关，但是恰恰相反，这一行为的确出现在了活动水平的变化之前。
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