初中英语语法讲座--名词-成长博客博客教育博客教师博…

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初中英语语法讲座-- 名词

初中英语语法讲座--名词-成长博客博客教育博客教师博…

名词在中考单项选择试题中，除了时态，名词的考查频率也较高。一般考查以下几点：

一、可数名词与不可数名词在可数名词与不可数名词上一般出现这样几类，

（1）分辨是哪一类名词，并根据结论做选择。

（2）可数名词复数的不规则变化。

（3）不可数名词的量化表达。

所以，考生首先要能够明确哪些是可数名词，哪些是不可数名词。其次，还要知道可数

名词的复数的变化规则。可数名词的变化规则一般是在单词后面加-s 或-es，如：

1desk---desks 1desk---desks bed---beds iano---pianos iano---pianos hat---hats bag---bags photo---photos

2 bus---buses bus---buses box---boxes watch---watches brush---brush

3tomato---tomatoes 3tomato---tomatoes potato---potatoeshero---heroes Negro---Negroes

4 leaf---leaves 4 leaf---leaves knife---knives5ba---babies

---babies family---famili

另外，还要记住一些特殊的名词的变化形式，如：

Chinese---Chinese Chinese---Chinese Japanese---Japane

Englishman---Englishmen Englishman---Englishmen

Frenchman---Frenchmen Russian---Russians Russian---Russians

American---Americans

German --- Germans child---children child---children foot---feet man---men

woman---women tooth---teeth h---teeth goose ---

geesedeer---deer

sheep---sheep

还要掌握不可数名词的量化表达有： a piece of、a bag of、a bottle of、a cup of、

a glass of

另外，大家应注意：单数集合名词作主语时谓语动词“数的”变化：单数集合名词如class,

police, family, school, group, team等。尽管形式上是单数，意义上都是复数，因此，

一般要与复数谓语动词连用，例如：Class Five have a foreign friend. 五班有一位外国

朋友。（这里的五班指五班的同学的。）His family are good to me. His family are good

to me.他的家人对我很好。（很显然，这里的family指家庭成员。）当上述集合名词着重指

“整体”时，意义上则是单数，因此，要与单数谓语动词连用。例如，Our school team often plays well in our city. Our school team often plays well in our city.我们的校队

经常在我们市踢得很好。（这里的team 指整个队，但意义上仍为单数，故谓语动词用plays.

二、名词所有格名词所有格有两种形式：一是加”s，一种是用of来表示。一般情况下，

指某人的某物用”s表示，而指某物的什么用of 短语来表示。另外，要注意凡是以s结尾的

名词或规则名词的复数，不能直接加”s，而应该加-”即可。例如，boys” clothes clothes gir” dresses。不过，注意例外情况，例如， the boss”s handwriting，其中the boss”s 的-”s不可省略。因为在英语中，如果以-s 或-ss 结尾的名词不是复数复数形式，那么

其名词所有格仍加-”s。那么你会说“琼斯的小汽车”吗？对，Jones”s car。下面我们来

做一部分习题。

1. 1. June 1st is ___ Day.A. Chi”s s B. Chil” ” C. Childrens” ”

D. Children”s答案：D

2. 2. I need ___ paper, Mum. I want to write ___ letter to my English teache

A. any, some A. any, some B. some, a C. a, some D. se,any答案：B

3. 3. There are two ___ and three ___ on the tabl

A. knifes, forks A. knifes, forks B. knifes, fork C. knives, forkes D. knives, for答案：D

4. 4. We have got a lot of___ toda

A. newspaper to read A. newspaper to read B. homework to do C. homeworks to doD. book to re答案：B

5. 5. We could see __ children and hear ___ noise in the par

A. many, many A. many, many B. much, much C. many, much D. much, ma答

案：C

6. 6. Will you pass me __

A. a few pieces of chalk A. a few pieces of chalk B. a few chalks C. a few of chalks D. some chal答案：A

7. 7. ___ habeen invited to the dancing party.

A. A friend of her A. A friend of her B. A friend of hers C. Friends of hers

D. Friends of h答案：B

下面请大家自己练习一下。

1. 1. September 10th is ___ Da

A. the Teacher A. the Teacher B. Teache” ” C. Teacher C. Teacher D. Teach”s答案：B

2. 2. ---Can I help you,ir?

---I”d like to have 100___. I want the students to draw pictures on them.

A. piece of paper A. piece of paper B. pieces of paper C. papers D. pap

答案：B

3. 3. ---Would you like ___ milk, pleas

---No, thank you. I still have some.A. some more ---No, thank you. I still have some.A. some more B. an C. a littlof of D. a答案：A

4. 4. ___ the old woman is i

A. What good health A. What good health B. How a good health

C. What a good health C. What a good health D. How good heal答案：A

① What + a(n) + 形容词 + 单数名词 + 主语 + 谓语！

2. What + 形容词 + 复数名词 + 主语 + 谓语！

3. What + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语！

4. How + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语！

5. How + 形容词 + a(n) + 名词 + 主语 + 谓语！

⑥ How + 主语 + 谓语！

5. 5. ”m going to help ___ with ___ English.

A. a friend of Nancy, hers A. a friend of Nancy, hers B. a friend of Nan”s, her s, her

C. a friend of Nancy”s, hers s, hers D. a friend of Nancy, h答案：B

6. 6. The two desks herere ___. You may use the desk over there.

A. Mary and Jane A. Mary and Jane B. Marys and Janes C. Mary and Ja”sD. Mary”s and Jane”s答案：D

形容词和副词在中考单项选择中形容词也占一定比例，一般考查有关形容词或副词的一

些搭配，但绝大部分考查形容词与副词的比较级和最高级。

1. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级

1. 一般的比较级和最高级在形容词或副词后加-er或-est，如：small --- smaller ---

smallest

2. 以不发音-e结尾的形容词或副词直接加 –r或 –st，如large --- largest ---

largest

3. 重读闭音节词尾是一个辅音字母的，需双写该辅音字母，再加-er或-est。

4. 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的形容词和副词，把“y”变“i”，再加 –er或

-est.busy---busier---busiesthappy---happier---happiest

但一些双音节及多音节形容词或副词前要加more和most，如：slowly --- more slowly

--- most slowlydifficult---more difficult---most difficultbeautiful---more

beautiful---most beautiful；但还有一些不规则的变化：good /

well---better---bestmany---more---mostbad / ill / badly

---worse---worstlittle---less---leastfar --- farther / further --- farther /

furthest

1. 形容词和副词的等比句型

1. as?as? 和??一样 I”m as tall as you.

2. not as(so)?as 不和?? 一样（在否定句中常用so 来代替as）

如，I can”t run so fast as you.

另外as?as possible 为固定结构，如，as soon as possible, as quickly as possible

等。

在以上两个句型中形容词或副词一定要用原级。

1. 形容词和副词的其它句型还有：

① 形容词/ 副词比较级 + than 句型，在than 后面的人称代词用主语和宾语均可。 He is older than I / me. He is older than I / me. 但是如果人称代词后有动词

时，则只能用主格形式。如， Tom found more red leaves than I did.

② “the + 比较级， the + 比较级” 结构表示两个变化一起发生。如， The more you learn, the more you”ll know.

③ “more and more”结构（指两个形容词比较级用and 连接）表示持续不断的'变化。如： I”m getting thinner and thinner.

四、修饰形容词和副词的比较级的副词要用much, a lot, a little, a bit, far等，

very不能和比较级连用。如： The blouse I bought yesterday is a little less

expensive. 昨天我买的衬衣比较便宜。To play basketball is far more enjoyable to the boy. 打篮球对于男孩子来说要有趣得多。五、形容词的一些搭配，

如：be glad / happy/ pleased to do 很高兴做某事be sorry to do 很抱歉，很遗憾做某

事be sure to do 一定/相信会做某事be ready to do 准备好做某事，乐于做某事get ready to do 为??做好准备等等。

下面我们来看一些例题。

1．The Yellow River is one of ___ in China.

A. the longest rivers ers B. the longer river C. the longest riverD. the long riv答案：A

2. 2. Does he speak Chinese ___ his brother?

A. as better as A. as better as B. as good as C. as well as D. best th答案：C

3. Which shirt do you like ___, the white one or the blue one? 3. Which shirt do you like ___, the white one or the blue one?

A. better r B. good C. best D. mu答案：A

4. I don”t feel ___ to go to work today. I”m ill. m ill.

A. good enough A. good enough B. well enough C. enough well D. enough go答案：B

5. Mary would like to spend ___ days on her research.

A. a little more A. a little more B. a little C. a fewore ore D. much mo答案：C

下面请大家自己做以下练习。

1. 1. Be quiet, class! I have ___ to tell yo

A. important anything A. important anything B. important somethi

C. anything important C. anything important D. something importa答案：D

2. 2. This picture book is not ___ that on

A. so interesting as A. so interesting as B. sinteresting than interesting than

C. as interesting than D. interesting as答案：A

3. 3. This article is ___ than that on

A. much easier A. much easier B. more easier c. much more easier D. more ea答案：A

4. 4. The Changjiang River is ___ river in Chin

A. long A. long B. longest C.he longest he longest D. long答案：C

5. 5. You must keep your room ___ and tid

A. to clean A. to clean B. cleaning C. clean D. clean答案：C C

上面我们已经讲了动词、名词、形容词和副词的用法。中考中当然也会涉及到其他诸如代词、数词、介词、和连词等的用法。下面我就简单提醒大家每类词需注意的地方。

1. 1. 代词同学们需掌握以下不定代词：all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no以及由some, any, no, every构成的合成词如 nobody等，并注意不定代词的定语后置，如something English

2. 2. 数词同学们需要记住一些特殊拼写的序数词。如：第1--- first 1--- first 第2--- second 第3--- third 第5--- fifth 第9--- ninth第12--- twelfth 12--- twelfth第20--- twentieth entieth

另外需要记住以下短语：hundreds of 数以百计thousands of 数以千计tens of thousands of 数以万计several millions of好几百万但表示确切的百或千时不能用复数形式，如：ten thousandthree million

3. 3. 介词的考察内容主要是介词短语，特别是那些有固定搭配和固定用法的介词短语。这类短语比较多，这里我不再一一赘述，大家可以看《初中英语复习指导》第204页至208页上的词组。但我要特别提几个以前旧教材所没有的短语，请大家注意。如， speak highly of高度赞扬regard? as ?视为，把??看做??make a contribution to doing sth 为??做贡献4. 4. 连词同学们需要特别记忆以下连词或连词短语：neither?nor?either?or?not only?but also?both?and?前三个短语引导主语时，谓语动词需遵循就近原则。如， Neither you nor I am right. 你和我都不正确。

Either Lucy or Lily is going there. s going there.不是Lucy就是Lily要去那儿。那么both?and?连接主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。如， Both Lucy and Lily are going there.句子的种类1．应特别注意掌握的简单句有介词的特殊疑问句在特殊问句

中，作为介词宾语的疑问代词可以与介词分离，放在句首，而把介词放在句尾。如， Whom do you travel with? 当然，也可以把介词放在句首。总之，不要把介词丢掉。有插入语的特殊疑问句在特殊问句中，经常可以看到这样的句子：Where do you think they may go? Where do you think they may go? 其中，do you think 是疑问式插入语，其余部分是think的宾语从句。注意，疑问式插入语同句子的其余部分不用逗号分开。疑问式插入语还有do you hope, do you guess 等。在肯定句中也有插入语。如：That man, I guess, is neither a policeman nor a soldier. 在肯定句的插入语要用逗号与句子的其他部分分开。去掉插入语，该句子仍然是个完整的句子。 You”d better (not)? (do sth.) 这个说法常用于提出“劝告，建议，告戒”。比较委婉的有礼貌的说法是 Would you like ?? 或 What about (doing)??。如，It”s too dark. You”d better leave at once. I”m afraid

(that) ? ”m afraid (that) I can”t go with you today. 常用来委婉地表示自己的看法或预料一件令人不悦的事情。2．并列句并列句的考查重点是并列连词。并列连词有and, or, but, both? and, neither? nor, either? or, not only? but also?等。3．复合句复合句考查的主要内容是宾语从句、状语从句和定语从句。① 宾语从

句宾语从句的考查要点是：时态的呼应、人称的一致、词序等。A.宾语从句的连接词：宾语从句本身是叙述句是，用that 引导。He said (that) he would leave on March 12 next weeek.宾语从句本身是特殊疑问句时，用疑问词引导。 Do you know where we can find our teacher?宾语从句本身是一般疑问句时，用if 或whether引导。I don”t know if / whether he has done that.B. 宾语从句与主句时态的呼应。主句谓语是现在时和将来时的时候，宾语从句的动词时态不受影响。如，It is said that the panda was sent to America last month.主句是过去时态，从句谓语要做适当调整：a) a) 由现在时调整为过去时。I didn”t know you were also here.b) t know you were also here.b) 由将来时调整为过去将来时He said that he would go to Beijing the next week.c) He said that he would go to Beijing the next week.c) 过去时态多数不受影响，但“一般过去时”常调整为“过去完成时”，尤其是从句中有before, since 一类的时间状语时，多调整为“过去完成时”如：She said she had worked at this school before her father came to this city.② 状语从句。状语从句有时间状语从句（常由when, while, before, after, until, as soon as等词引导）、地点状语从句（常有where 引导）、原因状语从句（常有because, since, as 引导，这三词所表达的语气由because到as逐渐减弱，由why提出的问题必须用because 来回答），条件状语从句（常由if引导）、结果状语从句（常由such ? that?, so?that?, so that等引导）、让步状语从句（常由though， although引导）。③另外，今年新加了一个定语从句，其考查内容主要是正确使用关系代词｛who（指人）、that（指人或物）、which（指物）｝ , etc. 定语从句一般紧跟在修饰词的后面，如：She is the person who I want to see. 她就是我想见到的人。有时，为了使句子平衡，也可把定语从句与所修饰词分开。同学们还记得这样一句话吗？Then a screen came up that read, “Congratulations!” 这是第三册第54课中的一个句子。下面我们来看一些例子：

1. 1. The traveller was ___ tired that she coul”t walk on.

A. so A. so B. very C. too D. qui答案：A

2. 2. Do you know ___ ten years ag

A. where does he live A. where does he live B. where he lives

C. where did he live C. where did he live D. where he liv答案：D

3. 3. He di”t go home ___ he finished the work.

A. since A. since B. if C. because D. unt答案：D

4. 4. I was reading the newspaper ___ I heard a loud shout outsi

A. while A. while B. when C. though D. 答案：B

5. 5. I d”t know the man ___ is cleaning the door.A. that t know the man ___ is cleaning the door.A. that B. ere ere C. what D. w答案：D 好，接下来大家自己做以下练习。

1. 1. I di”t remember ___ the woman before.

A. where I had seen A. where I had seen B. where I have seen