孙子兵法地形篇及中英文对照

时间：2021-11-06 19:39:26 资料我要投稿

孙子兵法地形篇及中英文对照

地形篇

孙子兵法地形篇及中英文对照

孙子曰：地形有通者、有挂者、有支者、有隘者、有险者、有远者。我可以往，彼可以来，曰通；通形者，先居高阳，利粮道，以战则利。可以往，难以返，曰挂；挂形者，敌无备，出而胜之，敌若有备，出而不胜，难以返，不利。我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支；支形者，敌虽利我，我无出也；引而去之，令敌半出而击之，利。隘形者，我先居之，必盈之以待敌；若敌先居之，盈而勿从，不盈而从之。险形者，我先居之，必居高阳以待敌；若敌先居之，引而去之，勿从也。远形者，势均，难以挑战，战而不利。凡此六者，地之道也；将之至任，不可不察也。

故兵有走者，有驰者，有陷者，有崩者，有乱者，有北者。凡此六者，非天之灾，将之过也。夫势均，以一击十，曰走。卒强吏弱，曰驰。吏强卒弱，曰陷。大吏怒而不服，遇敌怼而自战，将不知其能，曰崩。将弱不严，教道不明，吏卒无常，陈兵纵横，曰乱。将不能料敌，以少合众，以弱击强，兵无选锋，曰北。凡此六者，败之道也；将之至任，不可不察也。

夫地形者，兵之助也。料敌制胜，计险阨远近，上将之道也。知此而用战者必胜，不知此而用战者必败。

故战道必胜，主曰无战，必战可也；战道不胜，主曰必战，无战可也。故进不求名，退不避罪，唯民是保，而利于主，国之宝也。

视卒如婴儿，故可以与之赴深溪；视卒如爱子，故可与之俱死。厚而不能使，爱而不能令，乱而不能治，譬若骄子，不可用也。

知吾卒之可以击，而不知敌之不可击，胜之半也；知敌之可击，而不知吾卒之不可以击，胜之半也；知敌之可击，知吾卒之可以击，而不知地形之不可以战，胜之半也。

故知兵者，动而不迷，举而不穷。故曰：知彼知己，胜乃不殆；知天知地，胜乃不穷。

孙子说：地形有“通形”、“挂形”、“支形”、“隘形”、“险形”、“远形”。我们可以去，敌人可以来的地域叫通形；在通形地域上，应先占领视界开阔的高地，保证粮道畅通，这样作战就有利。可以前往，难以返回的地域叫挂形；在挂形地域上，如果敌人没有防备，就可以突然出击而战胜它；如果敌人有防备，出击不能取胜，难以返回，就不利了。我军出击不利，敌人出击也下利的地域叫支形；在支形地域上，敌人虽然以利诱我，也不要出击，而应引兵离去，当敌人前出一半时再回兵攻击，这样就有利。在隘形地域上，我军应先敌占领，并封锁隘口等待敌人；如果敌人先占领隘口，并用重兵据守，就不要去打。如果没有封锁隘口，则可以去打。

在险形地域上，如果我军先敌占领，必须控制视界开阔的高地，以等待来犯之敌；如果敌人先占领，就应引兵离去，不要去打它。在远形地域上，双方势均力敌，不宜挑战，勉强求战，则不利。以上六条，是利用地形的原则；是将帅的重大责任，不可不认真考察研究。

军事上有“走”、“弛”、“陷”、“崩”、“乱”、“北”六种情况。这六种情况，不是天灾造成的，而是将帅的过错造成的。凡是势均力敌而以一击十的，叫做“走”。兵卒强干，军官软弱的.，叫做“弛”。军官强干，兵卒懦弱的，叫做“陷”。高级军吏愤怒而不服从指挥，遇到敌人怨忿而擅自出战，将帅又不了解他们的能力的，叫做“崩”。将帅懦弱不严、治军无方，军吏士卒不受军纪约束，出兵列阵杂乱无章的，叫做“乱”。将帅不能正确判断敌情，以少击众，以弱击强，军队又没有“选锋”的，叫做“北”。以上六种情况，都是造成失败的原因；是将帅的重大责任，不可不认真考察研究。

地形是用兵的辅助条件。判断敌情，夺取胜利，考察地形的险隘和道路的远近，这是高明的将领必须掌握的方法。懂得这些道理去指挥作战的，必然胜利；不懂得这些道理去指挥作战的，必然失败。

从战争规律上分析，必然会胜利的，即使国君说不打，也可以坚持打；从战争规律上分析，不能打胜的，即使国君说一定要打，也可以不去打。进不求名利，退下避罪责，只求保全民众而有利于国君，这样的将帅，才是国家的珍宝。

对待兵卒如同对待婴儿，兵卒就能与他共赴危难；对待兵卒如同对待爱子，兵卒就能与他同生共死。对待兵卒厚养而不使用，爱宠而不教育，违法而不惩治，那就好比受溺爱的骄子，是不能用未打仗的。

只了解自己的部队能打，而不了解敌人不可以打，胜利的可能只有一半；了解敌人可以打，而不了解自己的部队不能打，胜利的可能只有一半；了解敌人可以打，也了解自己的部队能打，而不了解地形不利于打，胜利的可能也只有一半。??? 所以，懂得用兵的人，他行动起来决不迷惑，他的对敌之策变化无穷。所以说：了解对方，了解自己，争取胜利就不会有危险；懂得天时，懂得地利，胜利就可保万全。

The Terrain

Sunzi said:

There are the following six kinds of terrain: tong(通)—that which is accessible; gua(挂)—that which enmeshes; zhi(支)—that which is disadvantageous to both sides; ai(隘)—that which is narrow and precipitous; xian(险)—that which is hazardous; and yuan(远)—that which is distant.

Terrain which both armies can approach freely is called tong. On such a terrain, he who first oc

cupies the sunny high ground and establishes convenient supply routes has the advantage in battle.

Terrain which allows entry but is hard to leave is called gua. The nature of this terrain is such that if the enemy is unprepared and you go out to engage him, you might defeat him. But when the enemy is prepared and you go out to engage him, you will not only fail to defeat him, but will have difficulty getting out. Consequently, you will be in trouble.

Terrain equally disadvantageous for either side to enter is called zhi. On this kind of terrain, even if the enemy tempts you, you must not take the bait, but should withdraw.Having lured the enemy halfway out, you can then strike to your advantage.

On ai terrain, if you can occupy the pass fist, you must fully garrison it and await the enemy approach. Should the enemy occupy and garrison such a pass first, you should not seek battle. But if he fails to garrison it, you may launch an attack.

As to xian terrain, if you occupy it first, you must take the high ground on the sunny side and await the enemy. In case the enemy occupies it first, you must quit the place and refrain from pursuing him. And in the case of yuan. that is when the enemy is some distance away, if both sides are evenly matched in strength, it is not easy to provoke a battle, and taking the battle to the enemy is not to your advantage.

Now these are the six rules governing the use of t第一文库网errain. It is the commander's responsibility to study them with the utmost care.

In warfare, there are six calamitous situations, namely, flight, insubordination, deterioration, ruin, chaos and rout. These are not caused by nature; rather they are the fault of the commander.

When the strategic advantages of the two sides are about the same, for an army to attack an enemy ten times its size will result in flight. if the soldiers are strong but the officers weak, the result will be insubordination. If the officers are strong but the soldiers weak, the result will be deterioration. If a frontline officer gets into a rage and becomes insubordinate and, on encountering the enemy, allows his resentment to spur him into unauthorized engagements, and the commander has no idea of that officer's capabilities, the result will be ruin. If the commander is weak and incompetent and his leadership lax, if there are no consistent rules to guide the officers and men and if his military formations are in disarray, the result will be chaos, if the commander, unable to assess his enemy, sends a small force to engage a large one, pits his weak forces against the enemy's strong, and operates without a vanguard of crack troops, the result will be rout. These are the six ways to certain defeat. It is the responsibility of the commander to examine them thoroughly.

Advantageous terrain can be a natural ally in battle. Superior military leadership lies in the ability to assess the enemy’s situation and create conditions for victory, to analyze natural

hazards and calculate distances, He who fights with full knowledge of these factors is certain to win; he who fights without this knowledge is certain to lose.

Thus, if the way of war guarantees you victory, it is right for you to insist on fighting even if the sovereign has said not to. Where the way of war does not allow victory, it is right for you to refuse to fight even if the sovereign says you must. Therefore, a commander who decides to advance without any thought of winning personal fame and to withdraw without fear of punishment and whose only concern is to protect his people and serve his sovereign is an invaluable asset to the state.

Because he cares for his soldiers as if they were infants, they will follow him through the greatest dangers. Because he loves his soldiers as if they were his own sons, they will stand by him even unto death, However, if the commander indulges his troops to the point he cannot use them, if he dotes on them to the point he cannot enforce his orders, if his troops are disorderly and he is unable to control them, they will be like spoiled children and useless.

To know that your troops are capable of striking at the enemy but not to know that he is invulnerable to attack reduces your chances of victory to half. To know that the enemy is vulnerable to attack but not to know that your troops are incapable of striking at him again reduces to half your chances of victory. To know that the enemy is vulnerable to attack and that your troops are capable of attacking, but not to know that the terrain does not favor you in battle once again reduces your chances of victory to half.

So it is that those who are well versed in warfare are never bewildered when they take action and their resourcefulness in overcoming the enemy is limitless.

Therefore, it is said: Know your enemy and know yourself, victory will not be at risk; know both heaven and earth, and victory will be complete.

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