冬季鸡舍怎么控制氨气含量不超标，看这里
The University of Georgia
The Three Keys to Litter Moisture Control....Fresh Air, Heat, and Air Movement
垫料水分控制三大关键点：新鲜空气、加热和空气流动
What does it take to control litter moisture during cold weather? Quite simply it requires three things: fresh air, heat, and air movement. Fresh air is required to transport excess moisture from inside the house to outside the house. Heat is needed to increase the temperature as well as the moisture holding capacity of the cool incoming air, and air movement helps to extract the moisture from the litter so it can be exhausted from the house. Any successful moisture control program must comprise all three components. For instance, if you bring in cold air, circulate it over the litter but don’t add heat, little if any moisture will be removed from the litter. Likewise, it is difficult to dry litter if you bring in fresh air and heat but don’t move it over the litter. And of course if you heat and circulate air, but do not provide an exchange of air you cannot keep a house dry.
在冬季需要要什么来控制垫料中的水分？非常简单，它需要三样东西：新鲜的空气、加热和空气流动。新鲜的空气可以将多余的水分从鸡舍内转运到鸡舍外。加热可以提高温度以及进入鸡舍的冷空气的吸水力，空气流动有助于提取垫料中的水分从而可以将水分从鸡舍内排出去。任何成功的水分控制计划必须包括上述三个组分。例如，如果你引入冷空气，在垫料上方循环但是没有加热，垫料中的水分不会清除出去。同样，如果你引入新鲜空气和热量但是没有在垫料上方流动也很难保持垫料干燥。当然如果你加热空气并让空气循环但是没有提供交换的空气，你也不能保持禽舍干燥。
This concept is really no different than drying clothes. You can put wet clothes in a dryer, add heat and tumble them, but without fresh air to remove moisture from the dryer, essentially no moisture would be removed from the clothes. You can add heat as well as fresh air but if you don’t circulate the clothes in the dryer it would be difficult to get the clothes fully dried. Last but not least, wet clothes can be circulated in a drier, fresh air introduced but without heat you will have a very long wait. It all comes down to the simple truth that in order to maximize moisture removal, be it from clothes or litter, you need air exchange, heat, and air movement.
这个概念与烘干衣服实质上没有区别。你将湿衣服放在烘干机上，加热并翻动它们但是没有新鲜空气进入将水分从干燥机内带走，那么衣服所含的水分就不会流失。你可以加热同时引入新鲜空气但是如果没有将衣服在烘干机内翻转，就很难让衣服干燥完全。最后但同样重要的，湿衣服在烘干机上翻转，引入了新鲜空气，但是没有加热那么则需要等待非常长的时间衣服才能干燥。
Figure 1. Loose house where most cool, fresh air is entering through cracks in the side wall and not the side wall inlets.
A moisture control system in a poultry house consists of timer fans to exchange the air, brooders/furnaces to supply supplemental heat, and most importantly inlets help to condition, warm and dry, the cool incoming air as well as to promote the movement of air over the litter. But, how effective this system is in removing moisture from the litter depends to a large extent on house tightness. This is because it is only the air that enters through a house’s inlets that will be properly conditioned before moving down to and over the litter. Cold, damp air entering through cracks in the side walls, fan shutters, tunnel doors/curtains, etc. will tend to drop quickly to the floor, chilling the birds and removing little moisture from the litter. As a result, the greater the proportion of air coming in through cracks the more difficult it is to control litter moisture. For instance, when operating three 36' minimum ventilation in a loose house (static pressure test < 0.05') well over 50% of thehttp://www.wenku1.com fresh air brought in entering through cracks and not through side wall inlets (Figure 1). This means less than half the fresh air brought in will really help to control litter moisture. Contrast this to a tight house (static pressure test > 0.20') where better than 80% of the fresh air is being properly conditioned by the house’s inlet system before moving down to floor level.
这一切都归结为简单的事实，要最大限度地去除衣服或垫料中的水分，你需要空气交换，加热和空气流动。
密封不严实的鸡舍，大多数冷的新鲜的空气通过侧墙的漏风口而不是侧墙的进口进入。
禽舍的水分控制系统包括用于交换空气的定时风机，补充供应热量的育雏器/电炉，以及最重要的进气口帮助温暖干燥进入的冷空气以及改善垫料上方的空气流动。
但是，这个系统在去除垫料水分的有效性很大程度上取决于室内密封性。鸡舍密封性好，通风小窗就成为空气唯一的入口，从正常小窗进入的空气在移动落至垫料上之前必须经过合理的混合处理。通过侧墙裂缝、风机叶、管道门/帘幕等进入鸡舍的冷的干燥的空气会很快落到地板上，这会让鸡只受凉而且几乎不会去除垫料中的水分。因此，通过裂缝进入鸡舍的气体比例最大越难控制垫料中的水分。例如，在密封不严实的鸡舍运转三个36英寸最低通风风机（静态压<0.05英寸），超过50%的新鲜空气是通过漏风进入而不是通过侧墙小窗进入（图1）。这表示只有不到一半的新鲜空气实质上有助于控制垫料水分。将这个与一个密封严实的鸡舍（静态压测试> 0.20英寸）比较，密封严实的鸡舍中在空气到达地板水平上时超过80%的新鲜空气是通过鸡舍小窗风口进入。
Figure 2. Proper inlet air flow pattern to control litter moisture.
Once a house is made tight, special attention needs to be paid to the inlet system; is it set to achieve maximum heating of the incoming air before it moves down to floor level? The ideal is for the air entering through side wall
inlets to travel along the ceiling until it just makes it to the center of the house at which point it gently moves down toward the floor (Figure 2). Essentially, we want to maximize the travel distance along the ceiling so the cool incoming air will be sufficiently heated by the warm air collecting at the ceiling produced by the house’s heating system as well as that produced by the birds. As the air moves along the ceiling, the temperature of the air increases and the relative humidity of the air decreases, making it easier to dry the litter without chilling the birds. In addition, the inlets create a beneficial air circulation pattern. The air emanating from the inlets moves up toward the peak of the ceiling, then down toward the floor and finally back to the side wall, pulling moisture out of the litter as it goes.
一旦鸡舍密封严实，需要特别注意风口系统。风口设定了在空气落到地板之前能够携带最大的热量了吗？理想的是通过侧墙风口进入的空气沿着屋顶流动在到达鸡舍中央时，在这里会慢慢向地板移动（图2）。基本上，我们想要空气沿着屋顶流动的距离最大化这样进入的冷空气可被鸡舍加热系统产生的以及鸡群产生的屋顶的热空气充分混合加热。随着空气沿着屋顶移动，空气的温度增加，相对湿度下降，很容易将垫料干燥而不会让鸡群遇冷。此外，入气口建立了有益的空气循环模式。从风口引入的空气向屋顶移动，然后再向地板流动，最后落到侧墙上，随着流动将垫料中的水分带走。
The exact inlet opening and pressure required to properly condition the cool, damp incoming air varies from house to house but in general a static pressure between 0.07' and 0.12' as well as an inlet opening around two inches tends to work best (Figure 3). The optimal inlet opening and pressure required depends on a wide variety of factors including type of inlet, inlet location, house width, ceiling smoothness, and outside vs. inside temperature difference. As with most things, it takes a little experimenting to determine what combination of inlet opening and pressure will provide the optimal inlet air flow pattern.
精确的小窗开放和压力需要适当处理冷的湿润的进入空气在各个鸡舍上的变化但是一般静态压在0.07-0.12英寸之间，以及小窗开口在2英寸左右效果最好（图3）。最佳进气口开口和压力取决于各种因素包括风口类型、风口位置、鸡舍宽度、天花板光滑度以及内外温差。与其他东西一样，需要一些经验来测定如何设定风口和压力组合以提供最佳的入口空气流动模式。
图3.来自2英寸入口和0.10英寸静态压的侧墙的气流
One of the best ways to visualize the air flow pattern from your inlets is to hang small pieces of old VCR or surveyors tape from the ceiling, every five feet or so from the side wall to the ceiling peak. What you are looking for is the first few tapes to be moving fairly violently with the lasts ones near the peak of the ceiling barely moving. Another way to determine if you have your inlets set properly is that house temperature should not decrease during at least the first 30 seconds or so the minimum ventilation fans are operating. In fact, with larger birds it is fairly common to see the house temperature actually increase a degree or more during the first minute the minimum ventilation fans are operating in a tight house with properly set side wall inlets. If the temperature quickly decreases when the timer fans come on you are not fully conditioning the cold incoming air before it moves down to floor level, making it more difficult to remove moisture from the litter.
It is important to note that a sudden drop in house temperature can also be the sign that you are operating too many timer fans. Ideally, with young birds a producer should use no more than one cfm of timer fan capacity per square foot of floor space (i.e., 40' X 500' house = 20,000 cfm - two 36' fans) and no more than two cfm per square foot of floor space for older birds (i.e., 40' X 500' house = 40,000 cfm - four 36' fans). The goal is not to flood the house
其中一个最好的方法是从屋顶上悬挂一些小的片状的老VCR或测量卷带，从侧墙倒屋顶最高点每5英尺放一个，然后从风口看一下空气流动模式。你看到前几个带子晃动相对剧烈而靠近屋顶的几个几乎不动。
另一个测定你的风口是否合适的方法是至少在前30秒左右最低排风机运转时舍温不应该下降。实际上，鸡越大，在密封的鸡舍在最低排风机运转期间侧墙风口合理设定的情况下舍温实际会增加一度以上。如果在定时风机运转时温度很快下降，那么你在冷空气逐渐降到地板上前肯定没有完全控制好进入的冷空气。
要注意舍内温度突然下降也可能是你的定时风机运转时间太长。理想地，在青年鸡上，生产者必须使用低于1cfm/平方英尺容量的计时风机（即40英尺× 500英尺鸡舍=20000 cfm-2个36英寸风机），日龄较大的鸡不超过2 cfm /平方英尺（即40英尺× 500英尺鸡舍=40000 cfm-4个36英寸风机）。
with a large amount of cold fresh air but rather to bring smaller volume of air in the house over a longer period of time so as not to cause large variations in house temperature and air quality. For example, you will find that it is far more effective to use two 36' fans operating one minute out of five rather than to operate four 36' fans 30 seconds out of five minutes.
目标是不要让大量冷的新鲜空气淹没鸡舍而是将少量气体在较长的时间内带入鸡舍这样不会导致舍内温度和空气质量发生很大变化。例如，你会发现使用2个36英寸的风机在5分钟内运行1分钟比使用4个36英寸的.风机运行30秒更有效。
How do you know how much you should be operating timer fans? Since we are trying to control moisture, one way is to use a minimum ventilation chart based on bird water consumption (Table 1). The more water the birds drink, the more water we need to remove, the more the timer fans we need to operate. Though Table 1 provides a good starting point, in reality the best method of determining how much timer fans should be operated is to simply monitor the relative humidity of the air in a house. The optimal humidity is between 50 and 60%. If the humidity is too high you should increase fan run time, if too low runtime should be decreased.
你怎么知道你必须运行定时风机多少次？因为我们正在尝试控制水分，一个方法是根据鸡消耗的水量来使用最低通风图。鸡饮水越多，我们需要排出的水就越多，定时风机运转越多。虽然表1提供了一个好的起点，实际上最好的测定定时风机必须运行多少次的方法是简单地监控舍内空气的相对湿度。最佳湿度在50%-60%之间。如果湿度太高，你必须延长风机运行时间；如果太低，运行时间必须减少。
1.每消耗10加仑水的情况下风机的运行时间（300秒内）
Inside temperature
Two - 36' fans
Four - 36' fans
90oF
5 seconds
3 seconds
80oF
10 seconds
5 seconds
70oF
15 seconds
8 seconds
60oF
20 seconds
10 seconds
Figure 4. Circulation fan system
It is important to realize that though a properly set inlet system will create some amount of air movement over the litter, it is typically not enough by itself to insure maximum litter moisture removal. The problem in part is that though it is true that the inlets when properly set do produce some level of air movement over the litter, in most situations, especially with younger birds, they only do so when the exhaust fans are operating, which is often less than 50% of the time. When the exhaust fans are not operating, the air tends to become still which is not conducive to removing moisture from the litter. Another challenge is that in an effort to keep fuel usage to a minimum the relative humidity during cold weather often tends to run around 60 to 70% as opposed to the optimal 50% to 60%. The higher humidity makes it more difficult for the air to remove moisture from the litter. The negative impact of higher relative humidities can be somewhat offset by increasing the level of air movement over the litter. It is not that different from using a towel to soak up a spill. If the towel is very dry you can simply set it on a spill and it will soak up all the liquid. But, if the towel is damp you will probably need to move it around a good bit to soak up the spill. The damper the towel the more you will need to move it around.
要认识到虽然合理的设定风口系统会在垫料上方产生一些空气流动，但是这本身不足以确保最大化去除垫料中的水分。问题是虽然合理设定风口确实在垫料上方产生了一些空气流动，但是在大多数情况下，尤其是较幼年的鸡，它们只在排风机运行时这样准哦，而这时候风机运行往往不到50%的时间。当排风机没有运行时，空气趋于静止，这种情况就不能去除垫料中的水分。
另一个挑战是在冬季相对湿度一般在60%-70%左右期间努力减少燃料用量。
较高的湿度更难通过空气去除垫料中的水分。相对湿度较高的负面影响可通过增加垫料上方的空气流动来弥补。这无异于用毛巾吸干泄露的水。如果毛巾太干，你只是简单地将毛巾放在漏出的水上就行。但是，如果毛巾太湿，你可能需要转一下到一个好的点上再吸漏出的水。毛巾越湿你越要转。
The best way to offset these challenges is through the use of a circulation fan system (Figure 4). A circulation fan system is used not only to break up stratification and create more conditions from one end of a house to the other but just as importantly is used to increase the level of air movement over the litter to aid in moisture removal. A proper circulation fan system gently moves air across the litter, generally producing air speeds in the neighborhood of 50 ft/min so as not to cause harmful drafts on the birds. Ideally, circulation fans should operate continually to maximize moisture removal but may be need to be temporarily turned off when the timer fans operate if they interfere with the air circulation pattern created by the air inlets.
最好的解决这些问题的方法是使用循环风机系统（图4）。循环风机不仅用于破坏空气分层而且还在鸡舍一端到另一端上创造了更好的条件，但是更重要的是使用循环风机增加了垫料上方的空气流动，从而有助于去除垫料中的水分。合适的循环风机系统缓慢地去除了垫料上的水分，一般接近50英尺/分钟的风速不会给鸡带来负面效果。理想地，循环风机必须一直运行以最大化地去除垫料中的水分但是当定时风机运行时如果它们干涉了进气口产生的空气循环模式那么就需要临时关闭循环风机
One of the biggest concerns when it comes to controlling litter moisture is how to do so while keeping heating costs to a minimum. Though it will always take some amount of heat to control litter moisture during cold weather, how much depends to a large extent on the performance of a houses inlet system. If a house is tight, air exchange rates will be more closely controlled and air entering through the inlets will be maximized, which in turn will lead to better conditioning of the incoming air as well as better utilization of both heat added by brooders/furnaces and that produced by the birds.
什么时候开始控制垫料水分其中一个最大的关注是如何做这样可以保持加热成本最低。虽然在寒冷季节需要一些热量来控制垫料水分，多少很大程度上取决于鸡舍进气系统的性能。如果鸡舍密封好，空气交换速率严密控制，通过入气口进入的空气最大，这样反过来会导致进来的空气条件较好以及育雏器/加热炉以及鸡自身产生的热量增加。
Though at times controlling litter moisture may seem like an impossible task, with proper management of incoming air and house relative humidity, it can be done. Proper litter management will result in better environment for the birds and ultimately better health and performance.
虽然有时控制垫料的水分看起来像是一件不可能做到的事，但是合理地管理进入的空气以及鸡舍相对湿度，是可以做到的。合适的垫料管理会给鸡提供更好的环境，并最终对鸡的健康和生长性能产生有益影响。
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