Unit 21 Karl Marx
教学目标
知识目标
一、教学目标 与目标
通过本单元教学，使学生进一步掌握过去完成时的用法，并复习一般过去时态。通过学习马克思如何学习外语来了解外语学习的重要性及这位伟人的科学精神。
二、教学重点与难点
l．重点词汇 force; rapid; praise; encourage; have a talk with; come across; make progress; before long; move on; keep on (doing something); translate. . . into. . .
2．重要句型 1) In 1849, he went to England and made London the base for his revolutionary work. 2) He made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles in English for an American newspaper. 3) His English was so good that Engels wrote him a letter and praised him for it. 4) He found it important to study the situation in Russia.
3．语法掌握过去完成时的用法；复习一般过去时：1) Marx had learnt some English before he got to England. 2) After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 3) When all his money had gone, Marx had to leave his house in London.
4．日常交际用语谈论语言学习（Talking about language study）：
1) How are you getting on with your English lessons? 2) My grammar is improving, but I find idioms and useful expressions hard to learn. 3) Which do you find easiest/most difficult—listening, speaking, reading or writing? 4) If you have a problem with. . . , you should . . .
能力知识
1．掌握本单元的重点词汇、词组和句型，并能写一篇描写人物的短文。
2．一般过去时与过去完成时的区别。
德育目标
通过本单元的学习，使学生认识到马克思的一生是伟大的一生，要向马克思学习，从小树立远大的理想；用马克思学习外语的精神来感染学生，从而培养学生克服困难的顽强意志和毅力。更值得我们每一个人学习的是他的那种“活到老，学到老”的美德。
教学建议
课文分析
本单元阅读通过马克思学习外语一事来说明外语学习的重要性，其中介绍了一些有关外语学习的方法，都可以供作借鉴。分为三部分：
Part 1 (Paragraph 1) Brief introduction to Karl Marx before the year 1849, in which year he made London the base for his revolutionary work
Part 2 (Paragraphs 2-5) Marx's success in learning English and Russian and his advice on how to learn a foreign language
Part 3 (Paragraphs 6-8) Marx and Engels started a new programme called “Communism”.
卡尔·马克思的生平以时间为顺序列表如下：
In 1818
was born in Germany
as a young man
was forced to leave his homeland for political reasons; went to Belgium and France.
in April 1841
received his doctor’s degree
in 1849
went to England; made London the base for his revolutionary work
later
started working hard to improve his English; made rapid progress
in 1853
wrote articles in English; was praised; was encouraged; was not sure about two things
later
kept on studying and using English
in the 1870s
began to learn Russian; read articles and reports in Russian
对话建议
1.教师可采取口语对比形式，词汇分析来学习本对话。如：catch a cold与have a cold区别，cut down与cut up区别。 2.教师把本对话按一个听力课形式给学生播放。
教师让学生大声朗读对话，两个人一组，使学生有互相交流的机会。然后看视频，教师提问，练习等。
3.教师给学生写出how to learn English，组织几个学生进行对话交流。如：
A:I find English is difficult to learn, how do you think of that?
B: That’s right.
A. Do you have some good ideas to learn it ?
B: I often learn from the ways of some of people ,you should listening, speaking, reading ,writing or practicing?
A: Really?
本单元教学建议
Lesson 81
1. Practise the dialogue in pairs.
2. Have a discussion in groups about English studies,
Lesson 82
1. Talk about the picture to say sth. about Karl Marx.
2. Answer the questions in workbook L. 82, part 1.
3. Recite the text.
Lesson 83
1. Recite the text one paragraph after another.
2. Read the second part of the text quickly and try to find the answer to this question:
What did Marx write together with Engels during 1840s?
Lesson 84
After finishing the listening test, ask the students to say something about Chinese great person and write it down after class.
词汇理解
before long, long before
before long表示“不久”，相当于soon，是一个介词短语，可用在过去时、将来时和现在时的句子中。
long before表示“很久以前”“在……以前很久”，可用于过去时或过去完成时的句子中。before 可以是副词、介词、连词。要注意“It is not long before+从句”结构中的not long before表示“不久……”。
She said she had seen the film long before. 她说她很久以前就看过这部电影。
I'll see the film before long 我不久就要看这部电影。
fast, quick, rapid
这三个词都可作“快”解。
fast多指运动着的人或物体，本身具有高速度的特点。
quick一般用于指迅速的、一瞬间的或短暂的动作与反应，侧重“匆忙”的含义，不强调速度。
rapid常与fast相互换用，但侧重动作本身，有急促的含义，它所指的动作可能是一个或一连串的。rapid还用来指水流急速。
The winning car reached a speed of forty miles——much faster than any of its rivals.
获胜的那辆车的时速达到40英里——比它的任何竞争者要快得多。
…they quickly dragged the drunk to safety. 他们迅速地把醉汉拖到安全处。
It is a rapid river. 那是一条湍急的河流。
catch a cold ,have a cold
这两个动词短语均可作“感冒”解，但具体运用时是有区别的。
l)catch a cold强调“感冒”的行为，have a cold表示“感冒”持续的状态。
Yesterday he caught a cold. 昨天他患了感冒。
He has a bad cold now. 他现在感冒了。
2)catch a cold不可与表示一段时间的状语连用，而have a cold of可以。
3)catch a cold中的a可以省略，但cold前有形容词修饰时则不能省略；have a cold中的a不能省，在口语中它等于have got a cold.
Put on more clothes or you'll catch (a) cold. 多穿点衣服，要不然会感冒的。
She has had a cold for two weeks. 她感冒两周了。
keep on doing ,keep doing
l) keep on doing相当于go on doing, 指动作、行为有间歇之后继续进行，也指长期坚持某事。
After a rest, she kept on working. 休息之后，她继续工作。
He kept on asking the same question. 她老是问着同一个问题。
2) keep doing指动作不间断地继续着。如：
It kept raining the whole night. 雨不停地下了一整夜。
3)keep on doing 与 keep doing 二者可以换用；一般都不接表示静止状态的词，如
standing; sitting, lying, sleeping等。如：
Why do they keep (on) laughing all the time? 他们为什么老是笑个不停?
I've learned about 1,000 words, but I keep (on) forgetting some of them. 我大约学了1000个单词，可有些单词老是记不住。
advice，advise
均可表示“建议、劝告”之意 ，其区别是：
l)advice为不可数名词，无复数形式，不能与定冠词连用。请记住下列结构：
a piece of advice 一条建议 two pieces of advice 两条建议
some advice 一些建议 follow/take one's advice 听从某人劝告
give sb. some advice on sth./give sb. advice on doing sth./ give sb. advice on how to do sth. 就… …给某人提建议
2)advise是动词，常用于下列结构中：
advise +名词/代词
advise sb. to do sth. advise+ that+ sb. + (should) do sth.
He advised you to give up smoking.他劝你把烟戒了。
I advised she (should) study English well.我劝她把英语学好。
cut down, cut up
cut down可用来表示“砍倒”；“减少”；“降低”；“缩短”。如：
The boy cut down the young tree with an axe. 那小孩斧子砍倒了小树。
cut up可用来表示“切碎”。如：
The man first cut the tree down and then cut it up. 那人先把树砍倒，然后把它劈成碎片。
force, make
force与make 都有“迫使”的意思，但在意义上和用法上有所区别。
force含有暴力威胁之意，其结构是force+名词+to do sth.
The policemen forced the boys to stop fighting.警察们迫使男孩子们停止打斗。
He was forced to give up and put in prison. 他被迫投降并被关进了监狱。
make用法比较广泛，它所表示的强迫意义有时不如force强，常用的句型结构make sb do sth.
What makes you think so? 你怎么会这样想呢?
The children were made to keep their room clean and tidy. 要求孩子们保持房间的干净和整洁。
课文重点分析
He received his doctor’s degree in April 1841.他在1841年4月获得了博士学位。
句中的doctor是博士，这是大学授予的最高学位，学位（degree）分三种：
学士：Bachelor of Arts (B.A) 文学士 Bachelor of Science (B. Sc)理学士
硕士：Master of Arts (M. A)文学硕士 Master of Science (M. Sc)理学硕士
博士：Doctor of laws 法学博士 Doctor of philosophy博士
Doctor of medicine 医学博士
However, he went on to explain that he was not too sure about two things.
1)go on to do和go on doing
都是继续做某事,前者是做完一件事之后，接下来做另一件事，而后者则是继续做同一件事。
After I finished my English,1 went on to do Chinese.做完英语作业 之后，我接着做语文作业 。
It was raining, but the farmers went on working in the field.天下着雨，但农民们仍继续在地里干活。
2)be sure about/of sth. 或 be sure that…“对……有把握”
I want to buy a pair of shoes for my brother, but I’m not sure about his size. 我想给弟弟买双鞋，但不清楚他穿多大号的。
Are you sure that you locked the door?你肯定锁门了吗？
注：be sure 后面还可跟whether, where等引导的从句。
I am not sure whether they could come or not.我不能肯定他们是否能来。
John was sure where he left his watch.约翰确信他把手表放在那里了。
另外：be sure to do sth. 表示务必做某事
Be sure to turn off the gas before you leave the room. 你走之前务必把煤气关好。
….his English in one of those articles was so good that Engels praised him for it.他的英语在一篇文章里非常好，因此恩格斯表扬了他。
A: so + adj. / adv. +that
B: so + adj. +可数名词单数+that
C: such + a + adj. +不可数名词单数+that
D: such + adj. +可数名词复数+that
E: such + adj. +不可数名词+that
练习：用so, such, such a填空：
(1)She speaks ________fast that I can't follow him.
(2)The film is ________ good that I want to see it again.
(3)It is ________ good film that I want to see it again.
(4)They are ________rare (稀少的) animals that only a few people have seen them in the world.
(5)He brought us _____ surprising news that all of us were shocked（震惊）。
(6)She is ________ beautiful a girl that we all like her very much.
Key: (1)so (2)so (3)such a (4)such (5)such (6)so
注：当名词前的修饰词是many, much, little, few 时，应将such改成so, 如：
(1) There are so many books that I hardly know which one to be chosen.
(2) There is so much noise that I cannot hear what she is talking about.
praise sb. for…由于……表扬某人。类似的说法还有：
Thank you for your help.
I'm sorry for my rudeness（粗鲁）.
Excuse me for my being late.
You must apologize (道歉) for what you have said.
Yang Mei is having a talk with her teacher Sara about learning English.杨梅正就英语学习问题和她的老师萨拉谈话。
有关have的习语：
“have +宾语”常用来表示一个短时间的动作。不能将have简单地理解为“有”。它和一些词语搭配，表现了英语的习惯用法的一些意思——它可表示eat, drink, take. to. enjoy等，其意义视后面所跟名词而定。如：
have breakfast (lunch, supper) 吃早（中、晚）饭
have a lesson 上一堂课 have a song 唱一支歌
have a look 看一看 have a talk 谈一谈
have a drink 喝一杯 have a joke 开个玩笑
have a rest 休息一下 have a walk 散散步
have a ride 骑马 have a swim 游泳
have a wash 洗脸（澡） have a meeting 开会
have a party 举行一次聚会 have a test 测试
have an accident 出事故 have a letter 收到一封信
have a cold 患感冒 have a headache 患头痛
have a baby 生小孩 have a fire 生火
have a cold wet day 天气又冷又温
have a good holiday 度过愉快的假日
have a problem with→find…difficult 在…方面遇到困难
My grammar is improving, but I find idioms and useful expressions hard to learn. 我的语法学习在提高，但是我觉得习惯用语和有用词语很难学。
1)improve在此作不及物动词，意为“改进；提高”。如：
He is improving in health. 他的身体在好转。
2)find在此意为“发现；觉得”，后面跟的是复合宾语结构，即“find + sb. / sth. +adj +不定式”，idioms and useful expressions是宾语，hard to learn是宾语补足语。如：
Do you find “Radio English on Sunday” easy to understand? 你觉得“星期日广播英语”容易听懂吗?
a. 名词/代词十形容词。如：
I find idioms and useful expressions hard to learn.我发现习语和惯用法很难学。
I find listening really hard.我发现听真是很难。
有时将形式宾语it放在宾语的位置，而将真正宾语(不定式或从句)放在宾语补足语(形容词)之后。如：
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.马克思发现研究俄国形势很重要。
b. 名词，代词十名词。如：
They found it the necklace they had been looking for.他们发现这是他们一直在寻找的项链。
You'll find a knowledge of English a must in international trade today.你将会发现懂英语在今天的国际贸易中是必要的。
c. 名词/代词上副词。如：
We found him in/out.我们发现他在家(不在家)。
d. 名词/代词+介词短语。如:
When we arrived, we found him in bed. 我们到达时，发现他在床上。
e. 名词/代词+v-ing形式。如：
We have found him waiting to receive us. 我们已发现他在等着接待我们。
f. 名词/代词十过去分词。如，
She found the letter gone. 她发现信不见了。
g. 名词/代词+不定式to be短语。如：
He found himself (to do) in a dark forest. 他发现自己在黑暗的森林里。
过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
区别：
1）一般过去时表示过去时间发生的动作或存在的状态；
He went home yesterday. 他昨天回家了。
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前己完成的动作或状态，即“过去的过去”，常与by，before等表示过去的介词短语连用。强调过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前时，常用过去完成时。如：
He had gone home when I got to his office. 当我到他的办公室时，他早已回家了
By the end of last term-we had learnt about 1,500 English words. 到上期期末，我们已学了大约1500个英语单词。
2)在连词before，after引导的从句中，由于连词本身的意义已经说明主句和从句两个动作先后发生的关系，两个动作都可以用一般过去时，有时也可用过去完成时，强调动作的完成。如：
After he (had) arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.马克思到英国后，他努力学习以提高英语水平。
He went on watching TV, after his father (had) left. 他父亲走后，他继续看电视。
Marx (had) learnt some English before he got to England. 马克思到英国之前就学过一些英语。
Lesson 81教学设计方案
Teaching Aims
1. Learn some useful words about English lesson:
idiom, expression, listening, speaking, reading, writing, grammar, vocabulary, spelling, pronunciation.
2. Study the language points concerned with the dialogue.
Step 1Presentation
Find out the idioms in the dialogue. ( have a cold, catch a cold. cut down, cut up)
Step 2 Listening
Listen to the tape and then answer the questions in Workbook Lesson, 81, Part 1.
Step 3 Language points
Go through the dialogue briefly and deal with the language points.
Step 4 Oral practise
Scene1: Make a dialogue and give some advise(in pairs)
Someone has a lot of difficulty in spelling, he just can’t spell the words correctly . Sometimes he adds some letters, other times he misses some letters. He always makes mistakes in spelling and he is very worried.
Scene2: Make a dialogue and give some suggestions(group work)
Someone has a lot of difficulty in pronunciation. Though she tries hard, she just can not pronounce the words correctly. She knows that the teacher on the tape does not read English in the way she does, but she does not know how to improve her pronunciation.
Step 5 Workbook
Do the exercises in Workbook Lesson 81.
Step 6 Homework
Preparation the Lesson 82.
Unit 21 Karl Marx